COP14, serving as a preparatory platform for the significant COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009, aimed at establishing crucial post-2012 emissions treaties...

Following dramatic negotiations and certain compromises, COP13 managed to establish an independent Adaptation Fund under UNFCCC and outlined the Bali...

With climate-related challenges mounting to still greater heights, both COP12 and COP/MOP2 continued the work on Kyoto Protocol issues but lacked...

The Eleventh Conference of Parties at Montreal in 2005 came to be dubbed as ‘highly productive’ but raging climate events laid bare the necessity for...

COP10, held at Buenos Aires in 2004, ratified the Kyoto Protocol — putting a meaningful end to the processes started at COP3 — and advanced...

COP9 achieved limited success by initiating the CDM and pledging financial aid to developing nations, but the operationalisation of the Kyoto Protocol...

Despite the continuance of disparities between developed and developing countries in terms of implementing the Kyoto Protocol, COP8 achieved success...

COP7’s remarkable success in bridging divides and securing unanimous support for the Kyoto Protocol was a crucial victory in climate negotiations, as...

Held in two stints, first at the Hague (2000) and then Bonn (2001), COP-6 made a remarkable turnaround—addressing key issues needed to get the Kyoto...

During COP-5 in Bonn (1999), the focus was on preparing for future conferences and operationalising the Kyoto Protocol, with discussions revolving...

The fourth Conference of Parties (COP4) in Buenos Aires (1998) ended with modest achievements and persistent friction between developed and developing...

The historic 1997 Kyoto Protocol marked a pivotal moment in international climate policy, setting binding targets for industrialised nations and...